Thus, the CARS algorithm combined with LS-SVM was applied for distributions of chlorophyll contents. Prediction model based on the wavelengths extracted by CARS achieved the optimal prediction results with determination coefficient of 0.94, relative prediction deviation of 3.91 and root mean square error of 0.10 in testing set. The results showed that the characteristic wavelengths were basically located in “green peak” (near 550 nm), “red valley” (near 680 nm), and “red edge” (680–750 nm). Prediction models were built by applying least squares-support vector machine algorithm (LS-SVM). Successive projections algorithm, random frog, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), synergy interval partial least squares and synergy interval partial least squares combined with successive projections algorithm were applied for reducing data dimension, respectively. Spectral reflectance and chlorophyll content data of healthy, nitrogen deficient, pesticide-damaged and the corresponding CYVCV-infected leaves were obtained. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient method for detecting chlorophyll contents and distributions in lemon leaves infected with CYVCV. Chlorophyll contents and distributions are critical biochemical parameters to assess this new disease. Yellow vein clearing disease of lemon caused by the citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) is a new devastating disease in lemon. Altogether, these observations could expand our knowledge about the plant MATE family and benefit functional genomics analysis for CmMATEs in the future. The RNA-seq and qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) results demonstrated that under normal growth conditions, CmMATEs were expressed in a tissue- and development-specific manner, while their abundance apparently varied in a stress-dependent manner when melon plants were exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions. Gene ontology (GO) term and cis-regulatory element (CRE) analyses pointed to the potential roles of CmMATEs in both the regulation of melon development and acclimation to various abiotic and biotic stressors. Variable exon number was observed in CmMATEs, and the most were harbored by CmMATE8. Based on their orthologous relationship with those from Arabidopsis, rice, and sorghum, melon MATEs were clustered into three subfamilies of Clades I, II, and III, wherein 23, 9, and 7 members were included, respectively. In this study, a total of 39 MATEs (CmMATE1–CmMATE39) were observed in the melon genome these were unevenly distributed in all chromosomes, with the most on Chromosome 1. The multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family plays pivotal roles in the detoxification process in plants, while no information has been provided for this gene family in melon (Cucumis melo L.) thus far, limiting our understanding of its functions in melon acclimation to stressful environments.
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This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( /by/4.0/). In addition, the genomes of two isolates of the citrus yellow vein clearing virus and the citrus tatter leaf virus, detected in a sample from China, are described.
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Molecular assays are valuable as confirmation tests of viruses and viroids but many pairs of primers are needed for a full screening and new or non-target pathogens remain undetected. Bioindexing checks each single virus infection but does not differentiate viroids on the Etrog citron indicator and is time-consuming. It also provides effective information on citrus tristeza virus mixed infections despite not being able to identify the non-EU variants of the virus. The results demonstrate that HTS provides a comprehensive phytosanitary status of citrus samples either in single and multiple infections of viruses and viroids. The HTS’s ability to detect other citrus viroids was also evaluated. In this study, we simulated the use of high throughput sequencing (HTS) and the bioinformatic analysis of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) as a prescreening method to guide bioindexing and molecular detection to enhance the surveillance survey of some key or emerging citrus viruses, such as non-European citrus tristeza virus isolates (non-EU CTV), citrus tatter leaf virus, citrus leprosis virus, citrus yellow mosaic virus, and citrus bark cracking viroid, present in the EPPO lists, and the citrus yellow vein clearing virus. Citrus are affected by many viruses and viroids, some globally widespread and some restricted to particular countries or areas.